- define infectious disease
- describe symptoms,
- mode of transmission,
- causes of the disease
- explain the destruction
- ways of prevention and
- how to cure
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Nature & Me
Tuesday, September 27, 2011
DW: INFECTIOUS DISEASE
Google for an infectious disease and write a description by using the following guideline:
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Ifectious Diseases
ReplyDeleteInfectious diseases is disease caused by a pathogen which enters the body and triggers the development of an infection.Infectious diseases have a range of causes and they can be found all over the world .
A variety of pathogens can be responsible for infectious disease,including viruses,bacteria,fungi,protozoans and prions.Many symptom that can be such as infectious diseases make the body vulnerable to secondary infectious ,in which other organisms move in to take advantage of a weakened immune system and this can be very problematic.
These diseases are considered contagious or communicable,meaning that they can be passed from person to person.It also possible for such diseases to spread indirectly through unhygienic conditions or from animals to people,in which case they are known as zoonotic disease.
HIV virus infection,one of the most common infectious diseases.HIV stands for human immunodeficiency virus.This is the virus that causes AIDS.HIV is the different from most other viruses because it attacks the immune system.The immune system gives our bodies the ability to fight infections.HIV finds and destroys a type of white blood cell that the immune system must have to fight disease.
Aids stand for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.Aids is the final stage of HIV infection.It can take years for a person infected with HIV,even without treatment to reach this stage.Having Aids means that the virus has weakened the immune system to the point at which the body has a difficult time fighting infections.
The way to cure infectious diseases such as take antivirals,antibacterials,and antifungals are all used in the fight infectious disease.Example way to prevent the spread of many infectious diseases are must wash our hands frequently,don't share personal items and must cover our mouth when cough or sneeze.
NURUL NADIA BT HAIRUDIN
4 Sc2
Infection diasease
ReplyDeleteInfection disease are cause by pathogenic microorganism,such as bacteria,viruses,parasites of fungi,the diseases can be spread,directly or indirectly,from one person to another.Zoonotic diseases are infectious diasease of animals that can cause disease when transmitted to humans.
When a strange type of illness occurs,or an unusual number of individuals develop an illness or symtom,the situation may be an outbreak,an epidermis,another type of infectious disease emergency,an environment issue ,or an incident of bioterrorism.A number of circumstances may call for temporary closure of child care facilities and suspension of school class.Altough public health officials may suspend school classes or close child care facilities in the event of large community-wide outbreaks such as a severe influenza pandemic,they rarely close single facilities.This is because schools and child care centres can serve as an important link in communication between public health and the involved families.Also,parents often put their children in other programs in the area and thus contribute to the spread of the problem to multiple facilities.
Besides,conducting daily health cheaks and and keeping symptom records on a regular basis is a good way for child care professionals to identify the potential for an infectious diseases emergency or outbreak.Child care facilities typically document enrollment and attendance,yet not all perfom regular health checks and track the symptoms of the children in their care.When an outbreak is suspected,the first thing to do is to have a health professional provide expert advice about what is happening.Maintaining an on going relationship with a child care health consultant is another effective preventive practice.Often,the first ideas about the diagnosisare corrected as laboratory tests and further symptom become available to the health professionals.Once the diagnosis is clear,the health professionals should be informed about the child's participation in a group care setting and what that means for exposure of other children.
Everyday,someone should look at the records of symptoms to detect patterns of illness promptly in each group of children and in the facility overall.You can help control an outbreak if you step up sanition and hygience at the first sign
of a sudden increase in frequency of a particular type of illness or symptom.In addition,someone on the staff should review the daily illness/symptom records about once a month,noting differences in patterns between groups of children in the facility.Such difference might indicate that a particular group needs to pay more attension to sanitation and hygience measures to prevent disease.
Malaria
ReplyDeleteMalaria is caused by a parasite that is passed from one human to another by the bite of infected Anopheles mosquitoes. After infection, the parasites (called sporozoites) travel through the bloodstream to the liver, where they mature and release another form, the merozoites. The parasites enter the bloodstream and infect red blood cells.
The parasites multiply inside the red blood cells, which then break open within 48 to 72 hours, infecting more red blood cells. The first symptoms usually occur 10 days to 4 weeks after infection, though they can appear as early as 8 days or as long as a year after infection. The symptoms occur in cycles of 48 to 72 hours.
Most symptoms are caused by:
The release of merozoites into the bloodstream
Anemia resulting from the destruction of the red blood cells
Large amounts of free hemoglobin being released into circulation after red blood cells break open
Malaria can also be transmitted from a mother to her unborn baby (congenitally) and by blood transfusions. Malaria can be carried by mosquitoes in temperate climates, but the parasite disappears over the winter.
The disease is a major health problem in much of the tropics and subtropics. The CDC estimates that there are 300-500 million cases of malaria each year, and more than 1 million people die from it. It presents a major disease hazard for travelers to warm climates.
In some areas of the world, mosquitoes that carry malaria have developed resistance to insecticides. In addition, the parasites have developed resistance to some antibiotics. These conditions have led to difficulty in controlling both the rate of infection and spread of this disease.
There are four types of common malaria parasites. Recently, a fifth type, Plasmodium knowlesi, has been causing malaria in Malaysia and areas of southeast Asia. Another type, falciparum malaria, affects more red blood cells than the other types and is much more serious. It can be fatal within a few hours of the first symptoms.
An infectious disease caused by the bacillus Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It is primarily an infection of the lungs, but any organ system is susceptible, so its manifestations may be varied. Effective therapy and methods of control and prevention of tuberculosis have been developed, but the disease remains a major cause of mortality and morbidity throughout the world. The treatment of tuberculosis has been complicated by the emergence of drug-resistant organisms, including multiple-drug-resistant tuberculosis, especially in those with HIV infection. See also Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS).
ReplyDeleteMany of the symptoms of tuberculosis, whether pulmonary disease or extrapulmonary disease, are nonspecific. Fatigue or tiredness, weight loss, fever, and loss of appetite may be present for months. A fever of unknown origin may be the sole indication of tuberculosis, or an individual may have an acute influenzalike illness. Erythema nodosum, a skin lesion, is occasionally associated with the disease.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is transmitted by airborne droplet nuclei produced when an individual with active disease coughs, speaks, or sneezes. When inhaled, the droplet nuclei reach the alveoli of the lung. In susceptible individuals the organisms may then multiply and spread through lymphatics to the lymph nodes, and through the bloodstream to other sites such as the lung apices, bone marrow, kidneys, and meninges.
As mentioned earlier, TB or tuberculosis is mainly caused by bacteria called Mycobacterium tuberculosis and by another similar kind of bacteria called Mycobacterium bovis. These two types of TB bacteria infect a person by way of the droplets that are left suspended in the air by an infected person who either coughed or sneezed somewhere in the direct vicinity.
Preventive measures include strict standards for ventilation, air filtration, and isolation methods in hospitals, medical and dental offices, nursing homes, and prisons. If someone is believed to have been in contact with another person who has TB, preventive antibiotic treatment may have to be given. Infected persons need to be identified as soon as possible so that they can be isolated from others and treated.
Treatment for TB uses antibiotics to kill the bacteria. Effective TB treatment is difficult, due to the unusual structure and chemical composition of the mycobacterial cell wall, which makes many antibiotics ineffective and hinders the entry of drugs.[83][84][85][86] The two antibiotics most commonly used are isoniazid and rifampicin. However, instead of the short course of antibiotics typically used to cure other bacterial infections, TB requires much longer periods of treatment (around 6 to 24 months) to entirely eliminate mycobacteria from the body.[10] Latent TB treatment usually uses a single antibiotic, while active TB disease is best treated with combinations of several antibiotics, to reduce the risk of the bacteria developing antibiotic resistance.[87] People with latent infections are treated to prevent them from progressing to active TB disease later in life.
Influenza is an acute respiratory infection caused by one of three types of influenza viruses in the Orthomyxoviridae family of viruses, which evolved from the combination of genes from human, pig, and bird flu. This strain has not been found in humans before.The first cases of A H1N1 influenza were identified on April 2009, and by June 2009 the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the presence of a global pandemic (stage 6) after evidence of spreading in the southern hemisphere; this status persisted until the writing of this topic (September 2009).Initially, the severity of the 2009 outbreak was uncertain because most people are susceptible to this new strain of H1N1. Fortunately, most cases have been mild so far; the highest H1N1 flu-related morbidity and mortality rates have been reported among individuals of extreme ages, or those with other underlying medical conditions such as asthma, diabetes, obesity, heart disease, or a weakened immune system.
ReplyDeleteThe symptoms of H1N1 in people are similar to the symptoms of common seasonal flu. The common symptoms of H1N1 Flu include:
Fever particularly a fever of over 100 degrees
Sore throat,cough,chills and fatigue,body aches,headache,occasionally, vomiting and diarrhea
The H1N1 flu strain has been shown to be transmitted directly from person-to-person through coughing or sneezing and by touching contaminated items, and then touching your eyes, nose or mouth.
There are many ways to prevent ourselves from get infected.If you are sick, stay home and avoid contact with other people.Cover your nose & mouth with a tissue or sleeve when you cough or sneeze. Discard the tissue after using.Wash your hands often with soap and water, especially after coughing or sneezing. Alcohol-based hands cleaners are also effective. See "Hands Together" in the related information section for a CDC video on correct hand-washing techniques.Avoid touching your eyes, nose or mouth.Regularly disinfect communal areas & any shared equipment.Get vaccinated for the seasonal flu.Get vaccinated for H1N1 when the vaccine becomes available to you.
Canada has a National Antiviral Stockpile of 55 million doses of two antiviral drugs – Tamiflu and Relenza. Both are effective in treating H1N1 flu virus. This stockpile is enough for all Canadians who will need and want treatment.Antivirals are recommended for the treatment of moderate to severe illness, and for people at risk of severe disease. Your doctor will decide if treatment is right for you.
Vaccination.Influenza vaccines (also called flu shots) help you to prevent getting sick by introducing your body to a weakened or dead version of the virus to teach your body to build immunity to it.
Rat-bite fever refers to an infection which develops after having been bitten or scratched by an infected animal.Rat-bite fever occurs most often among laboratory workers who handle lab rats in their jobs, and among people who live in poor conditions, with rodent infestation. Children are particularly likely to be bitten by rodents infesting their home, and are therefore most likely to contract rat-bite fever. Other animals that can carry the types of bacteria responsible for this illness include mice, squirrels, weasels, dogs, and cats. One of the causative bacteria can cause the same illness if it is ingested, for example in unpasteurized milk.
ReplyDeleteThere are two variations of rat-bite fever, caused by two different organisms. In the United States, the bacteria Streptobacillus moniliformis is the most common cause (causing streptobacillary rat-bite fever). In other countries, especially Africa, Spirillum minus causes a different form of the infection (called spirillary rat-bite fever).
Streptobacillary rat-bite fever occurs up to 22 days after the initial bite or scratch. The patient becomes ill with fever, chills, nausea and vomiting, headache, and pain in the back and joints. A rash made up of tiny pink bumps develops, covering the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet. Without treatment, the patient is at risk of developing serious infections of the lining of the heart (endocarditis), the sac containing the heart (pericarditis), the coverings of the brain and spinal cord (meningitis), or lungs (pneumonia). Any tissue or organ throughout the body may develop a pocket of infection and pus, called an abscess.
Spirillary rat-bite fever occurs some time after the initial injury has already healed, up to about 28 days after the bite or scratch. Although the wound had appeared completely healed, it suddenly grows red and swollen again. The patient develops a fever. Lymph nodes in the area become swollen and tender, and the patient suffers from fever, chills, and headache. The skin in the area of the original wound sloughs off. Although rash is less common than with streptobacillary rat-bite fever, there may be a lightly rosy, itchy rash all over the body. Joint and muscle pain rarely occur. If left untreated, the fever usually subsides, only to return again in repeated two-to four-day cycles. This can go on for up to a year, although, even without treatment, the illness usually resolves within four to eight weeks.
Shots of procaine penicillin G or penicillin V by mouth are effective against both streptobacillary and spirillary rat-bite fever. When a patient is allergic to the penicillins, erythromycin may be given by mouth for streptobacillary infection, or tetracycline by mouth for spirillary infection.With treatment, prognosis is excellent for both types of rat-bite fever. Without treatment, the spirillary form usually resolves on its own, although it may take up to a year to do so.
The streptobacillary form, found in the United States, however, can progress to cause extremely serious, potentially fatal complications. In fact, before antibiotics were available to treat the infection, streptobacillary rat-bite fever frequently resulted in death.
Prevention involves avoiding contact with those animals capable of passing on the causative organisms. This can be an unfortunately difficult task for people whose economic situations do not allow them to move out of rat-infested buildings. Because streptobacillary rat-bite fever can occur after drinking contaminated milk or water, only pasteurized milk, and water from safe sources, should be ingested.
Name:Siti Saidatul Akhma Bt Zahari
Nur Zahirah Nasrun
ReplyDeleteRat-bite fever is a rare disease spread by infected rodent.The alternative names is Haverhill fever,spirillary fever,Steptobacillary fever and sodoku.The source of the infection is usually a rat.Other animal that make cause infections include Squirrels,Weasels,and Gerbils.
Most people get rat-bite fever through contact with urine or secreations from the mouth,eye,or nose of an infected animal.this most commonly accours though a bite,yet some cases may accour simply trough contact with this secreations.
Rat-bite fever can be caused by the bacteria,actinobacillus muris and spirillum minus.Most cases of rat-bite fever accour in Japan ,where it is called sodoku.The diesease ha salso been seen in Africa,Australia,Europe,North and South America.
The symptoms or virus is chills,fever,headache,musle aches,open sore at the side of the bite in Sodoku,Rash-maybe red,purple plaques in sodoku.It also swollen,red and painful joints(not usually seen in Sodoku).
Then,rat- bite fever is usually treated or cure with antibiotic therapy.Your health care provider may prescribe penicillinor tetracyclines for 7 to 14 days.
Lastly,the victim is a child owning pet rats developed and eruptive fever with blisters ,polyarthritis and spectacullar desquamation of the hands.Steptobacillus moniliformis was indentified after culture of the child's blister fluid and was detected in rat samples by molecular methods.But,the fact is,anybody can be a victim of rat-bite fever.
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